Reading done on May 6, 2019
"Heroism: A Conceptual Analysis and Differentiation Between Heroic Action and Altruism"
- by Zeno E. Franco, Kathy Blau and Philip G. Zimbardo - 2011
- Review of General Psychology © 2011 American Psychological Association 2011, Vol. 15, No. 2, 99–113
- DOI: 10.1037/a0022672
- accessed on May 6, 2019
The authors define "heroism":
"as social activity:
(a) in service to others in need - be it a person, group, or community, or in defense of socially sanctioned ideals, or new social standard;
(b) engaged in voluntarily
(c) with recognition of possible risks/costs
(d) in which the actor is willing to accept anticipated sacrifice, and
(e) without external gain anticipated at the time of the act" (101).
"The jihadis, however, focus on the intent of the perpetrator" (Wiktorowicz 2005, 93).